MGM Records

MGM Records was a record label started by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio in 1946 for the purpose of releasing soundtrack albums of their musical films. It soon transitioned to a pop music label which continued into the 1970s. The company also released soundtrack albums of the music for some of their non-musical films as well, and on rare occasions, cast albums of off-Broadway musicals such as The Fantasticks and the 1954 revival of The Threepenny Opera. In one instance, it even released the highly successful soundtrack album of a film made by a rival studio, Columbia Pictures's Born Free (1966).

Soundtrack albums
Their first soundtrack was of Till the Clouds Roll By, a 1946 film based on the life of composer Jerome Kern. It was the first soundtrack album of a live-action film. The album was originally issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. As in many early MGM soundtrack albums, only eight selections from the film were included on the original version of the album. In order to fit the songs onto the record sides the musical material needed editing and manipulation. This was before tape existed, so the record producer needed to copy segments from the playback discs used on set, then copy and re-copy them from one disc to another, adding transitions and cross-fades until the final master was created. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original and the sound quality suffered for it. Also, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very "dry" (without reverberation) otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy.

MGM Records called these "original cast albums" in the style of Decca's Broadway show cast albums. They also coined the phrase "recorded directly from the soundtrack". Over the years the term "soundtrack" began to be commonly applied to any recording from a film, whether taken from the actual film soundtrack or re-recorded in studio. The phrase is also sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct to call a "soundtrack" a "cast recording" (since it represents the film cast) it is never correct to call a "cast recording" a "soundtrack".

Among MGM's most successful soundtrack albums were those of the films Good News (the 1947 version), Easter Parade, Annie Get Your Gun, Singin' in the Rain, Show Boat (the 1951 version), The Band Wagon, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, and Gigi. When the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz was first shown on television in 1956 (by CBS), the label issued a soundtrack album of songs and dialog excerpts recorded directly from the film, as they had done with their LP of music and dialog from Quo Vadis in 1951.

By 1950, magnetic tape had been perfected for recording use. This markedly improved the sound quality on long play (LP) albums from 1951 forward.

MGM Records also issued albums of film scores, including Ben-Hur, King of Kings, Doctor Zhivago, How the West Was Won, the 1967 fake-stereo 70mm re-release of Gone With the Wind, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. The Ben-Hur and King of Kings albums were studio recreations of the scores, but done with the original orchestrations; the How the West Was Won, Gone With the Wind, 2001, and Doctor Zhivago albums were the genuine soundtracks. MGM Records also released a second soundtrack album of Quo Vadis, this one containing only music from the film.

Beginning in the 1990s, authentic soundtrack albums of the musical scores to Ben-Hur and King of Kings became available. The Rhino Records editions of these albums featured literally the entire scores, including outtakes. Rhino also released a full-length two-disc album of the score of Gone With the Wind, recorded from the soundtrack in the original mono.

As in the case of the non-musical films, Rhino Records, which obtained the rights to the MGM soundtracks (owned by Turner Entertainment) in the 1990s, issued longer versions of their movie musical albums, containing virtually all of the songs and music. Rhino's license expired at the end of 2011 and the albums Rhino issued are now out of print. Warner Bros. now owns the MGM soundtracks first issued by MGM Records and Warner Bros' WaterTower Music unit now has the rights to release the MGM soundtracks.

Record manufacturing
MGM operated their own record manufacturing plant at Bloomfield, New Jersey, from 1947 until 1972; pressing not only their own records but a great deal of sub-contract work for other record companies, including Atlantic Records. For several years in the late 1940s-early 1950s, MGM operated a radio syndication business, producing The MGM Theater of the Air and a variety of other series based on inactive movie properties such as Dr. Kildare, Andy Hardy, Maisie, and Crime Does Not Pay. The MGM record pressing plant also manufactured the electrical transcriptions used to distribute the shows to local stations. The record manufacturing division was closed when MGM Records was sold to PolyGram; after which MGM's former competitors began manufacturing records issued by MGM.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Records
There was also a short-lived Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Records of 1928, which produced recordings of music featured in MGM movies, not sold to the general public but made to be played in movie theater lobbies. These Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer records were manufactured under contract with the studio by Columbia Records.

As a pop label
In the early 1950s, MGM Records was considered one of the "major" record companies (besides Columbia, RCA Victor, Decca/Coral, Capitol and Mercury) due to owning its own manufacturing facilities. Subsidiary Cub Records was launched in the late 1950s and Verve Records was acquired from Norman Granz in December 1960. Other MGM subsidiaries and distributed labels included: Kama Sutra (from 1965 until Kama Sutra's sister label Buddah Records took over distribution in 1969), Ava, Heritage, Lion and Metro (for budget albums), Leo (children's records,) Hickory, MGM South, Pride, CoBurt, L&R, and Lionel.

MGM moved successfully into the rock and roll era with many hit records by Connie Francis, Herman's Hermits, the Animals, the Cowsills, Lou Christie, the Osmonds, and Cub-subsidiary singer Jimmy Jones, whose hits were on MGM in the UK. Pre-rock pop singer Joni James and country singer Conway Twitty also scored hits on the rock and roll charts. James' "There Goes My Heart" in 1958 was promoted as the first 45 rpm record to be released in stereophonic sound. Although it was the first stereo single to come out of the major record companies, edging out the RCA Victor release of Perry Como's "Love Makes The World Go Round" by mere days, the single was issued in September 1958, while the first overall 45 rpm records to be released in stereophonic sound were issued by Bel Canto Records in June 1958.

MGM also distributed Cameo-Parkway Records briefly in 1967. Four albums and two singles were released under this arrangement before Allen Klein bought the Cameo-Parkway catalog and renamed the label ABKCO.

Another label distributed by MGM was American International Records, the record label division of American International Pictures - whose film library is now owned by MGM.

Verve Records
In 1961, MGM Records acquired the jazz label Verve Records from Norman Granz and later added a sub-label Verve Forecast Records.

Country music
MGM Records' first president Frank Walker discovered and signed Hank Williams who became the linchpin of MGM Records' country music operations. Other notable MGM artists of this genre include Hank Williams, Jr., Sheb Wooley, Conway Twitty, Sandy Posey, Marvin Rainwater, Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, Roy Acuff, Jimmy Newman, Mel Tillis, Marie Osmond, Jim Stafford and C.W. McCall.

Classical music
MGM Records issued music of a variety of musical genres, but used the same set of catalog numbers. The label also offered a modest catalog of classical recordings beginning in 1951; among them was catalog number E3711, an account of two sonatas by Franz Schubert, billed as the first in a complete cycle, recorded by pianist Beveridge Webster. In 1962, MGM Records picked up American distribution of the prestigious German classical music label Deutsche Grammophon Records. The arrangement lasted until 1969 when Polydor Records established its American office.

Sale to PolyGram and phase out
MGM Records was sold to PolyGram in 1972. As part of the deal, PolyGram received perpetual rights to the "MGM Records" name and a ten-year license to use the MGM trademark and logo. In 1976, MGM Records, including its artists, was absorbed into PolyGram's Polydor Records. However, PolyGram continued releasing MGM soundtrack albums and reissues using the MGM Records imprint until 1982.

With PolyGram's abandonment of the MGM Records trademark, MGM was able to reclaim its rights to that trademark in 1997.

The MGM Records catalog is now split. Although the first three entities remain under the Universal Music Group banner, the pop music catalog is managed by Universal Music Enterprises and bears the Polydor imprint, with North America distribution by Mercury, the musical theater catalog is now released by Verve Records and the country music catalog is managed by Universal Music Group Nashville with reissues bearing the Mercury Records Nashville imprint.

The MGM soundtracks catalog however is managed by Warner Bros. Entertainment through its WaterTower Music unit and the catalogs of a few other artists also have new owners. Frank Zappa for example regained control of his MGM/Verve recordings (including those with his group the Mothers of Invention) in the early 1980s. These recordings were licensed by Zappa to Rykodisc, starting in 1987. Ironically, Zappa's widow, Gail Zappa, negotiated a licensing deal with UME to redistribute all of Zappa's non-mailorder titles (including the six LPs originally released on Verve) in 2012.

MGM Music
In 1986, MGM formed MGM Music for the licensing of music of which MGM owns the rights. It focuses on licensing soundtracks. It manages the music and music publishing rights of MGM films from 1986 and beyond. (WarnerMedia's Turner Entertainment unit owns the pre-1986 MGM soundtracks.) It also manages the music and music publishing rights of United Artists and Orion films.

Notable artists

 * The Animals (US)
 * Chris Bartley (Vando)
 * The Beatles with Tony Sheridan (US)
 * Molly Bee
 * Tony Blackburn
 * Otis Blackwell
 * Bobby Bloom (L&R)
 * The Blues Project (Verve Forecast)
 * Johnny Bristol
 * Eric Burdon & War (US)
 * Lou Christie
 * Petula Clark (US)
 * Coven
 * The Cowsills
 * The Mike Curb Congregation
 * Daddy Dewdrop (Sunflower Records)
 * Sammy Davis, Jr.
 * Mark Dinning
 * Micky Dolenz
 * Billy Eckstine
 * Tommy Edwards
 * Every Mother's Son
 * Five Man Electrical Band (Lionel)
 * The Five Satins
 * Les Fradkin (Sunflower Records)
 * Connie Francis
 * Paul Frees
 * Friend and Lover (Verve Forecast)
 * Erroll Garner
 * Gloria Gaynor
 * The Gentrys
 * Stan Getz (Verve)
 * Eydie Gorme (also Steve & Eydie duo)
 * Lionel Hampton
 * Richie Havens
 * Herman's Hermits (US)
 * Woody Herman
 * Earl Hines
 * LeRoy Holmes
 * The Hombres (Verve Forecast)
 * Harry Horlick


 * Janis Ian (Verve/Verve Forecast)
 * Ian & Sylvia
 * The Impalas (Cub)
 * The Incredible Bongo Band (Pride)
 * Jerry Landis
 * Millie Jackson
 * Harry James
 * Joni James
 * Davy Jones
 * Jimmy Jones (Cub)
 * Lainie Kazan
 * Eartha Kitt
 * Steve Lawrence (also Steve & Eydie duo)
 * Bobby Lewis
 * Bob Lind (Verve Folkways)
 * Vincent Lopez
 * The Louvin Brothers
 * The Lovin' Spoonful (Kama Sutra)
 * C.W. McCall
 * Vaughn Meader (Verve)
 * Don Meehan
 * Jaime Mendoza-Nava
 * Mike Curb Congregation
 * George Mitchell Minstrels (US, where they were renamed the George Mitchell Voices)
 * Art Mooney
 * Jaye P. Morgan
 * The Mothers of Invention (Verve)
 * Wayne Newton
 * Larry Norman, MGM/Verve
 * Roy Orbison
 * Orpheus
 * The Osmonds (also Donny Osmond solo, Marie Osmond solo, Donny & Marie Osmond duo, & Little Jimmy Osmond solo)
 * Gary Owens (Pride)
 * Michael Parks
 * George Paxton and His Orchestra
 * Sandy Posey
 * Lou Rawls


 * Donn Reynolds
 * The Righteous Brothers (Verve)
 * Jeannie C. Riley
 * Augie Rios
 * Tommy Roe (MGM South)
 * David Rose
 * The Royalettes
 * Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
 * Neil Sedaka
 * George Shearing Quintet
 * Elke Sommer
 * Sopwith Camel (Kama Sutra)
 * Jim Stafford
 * The Stereos (Cub)
 * Sister Rosetta Tharpe
 * Mel Tillis
 * Johnny Tillotson
 * Jo Ann Tolley
 * Conway Twitty
 * The Tymes
 * Ultimate Spinach
 * The Velvet Underground (plus Verve)
 * Walter Wanderley (Verve)
 * Trade Winds (Kama Sutra)
 * Hank Williams
 * Hank Williams, Jr.
 * Teddy Wilson
 * Sheb Wooley
 * Dennis Yost & the Classics IV (MGM South)
 * The Sylvers (Pride)
 * Marvin Rainwater
 * Andy Starr
 * Ultimate Spinach
 * Frank Zappa (Verve)